Rapid Diagnostic Tests and Severity of Illness in Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Taiwan | CDC EID

EID Journal Home > Volume 16, Number 7–July 2010

Volume 16, Number 7–July 2010
Letter
Rapid Diagnostic Tests and Severity of Illness in Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Taiwan
Tsui-Mai Kao, Un-In Wu, and Yee-Chun Chen
Author affiliations: National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei

Suggested citation for this article

To the Editor: The recent pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (1) demonstrates the need for more sensitive rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to distinguish between influenza and other respiratory viruses, enhance influenza surveillance, and institute early antiviral therapy for patients who are severely ill or at high risk (2). In anticipation of the global spread of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, on August 15, 2009, the government of Taiwan began performing RDTs at clinics and hospitals for patients with influenza-like illness. This initiative was based in part on the notion that patients with higher viral loads would be more likely to have a positive RDT result and more severe disease. We report that RDTs may have paradoxically lower sensitivity for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus for patients with respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), or both than for those without respiratory failure.

National Taiwan University Hospital is a 2,200-bed teaching hospital in Taiwan. This hospital provides primary and tertiary care and ECMO. All patients admitted with presumed severe influenza were immediately treated with oseltamivir during the 2009 pandemic. From July 25 through December 28, 2009, we studied 20 patients with confirmed disease and 3 adult patients with suspected disease who met the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention case definitions for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (3).

An RDT (QuickVue A+B; Quidel, San Diego, CA, USA) was performed by using nasopharyngeal swab specimens. Genetic material specific for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 viruses was detected in nasopharygeal or throat swab specimens by real-time reverse transcription–PCR at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiwan (4). Demographic and clinical characteristics of the 23 patients are shown in the Table.

Severity of illness was assessed within 24 hours of admission by determining the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (5). The highest Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score was calculated to predict outcome of critically ill patients during their stay in the intensive care unit (6). The Student t test was used to assess continuous variables, and χ2 or Fisher exact tests were used to assess discrete variables. A p value <0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analyses were performed by using SAS software version 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).

There were no differences in age, sex, body mass index, underlying diseases, or occurrence of secondary bacterial infection between patients who received mechanical ventilation (n = 15) and those who did not (n = 8). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in the median number of days from onset of illness to access to medical care. Patients receiving mechanical ventilation had higher severity-of-illness scores and longer times in the intensive care unit and the hospital. Sensitivity of the RDT was 100% for patients who did not receive mechanical ventilation and 26.7% for those who did (p<0.0001).

Median age of the 8 patients who received ECMO was 31 years. Only 3 patients had underlying diseases. RDT results were positive for only 1 of these patients. Five patients were tested by RDT more than one time before transfer or hospitalization. The interval from onset of illness to the first RDT was 1 d for 1 patient, 2 d for 4 patients, 3 d for 2 patients, and 6 d for 1 patient. Failure of the RDT to detect influenza was associated with a delay of >5 d in instituting antiviral therapy for 6 of 8 patients who received ECMO. However, ECMO was stopped for 7 patients who were discharged from hospital after a median duration of 23 d (interquartile range 11.5–54 d) of ECMO.

This report demonstrates an apparently paradoxical inverse relationship between a positive RDT result and severity of illness among patients with pandemic (H1N1) 2009. This observation cannot be explained by differences in the time to access to medical care, performance of RDT (7), or prior antiviral therapy. Variants of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus may preferentially infect the lower respiratory tract in certain hosts (8). Invasive properties of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus and severity of illness may be more closely related to heterogeneity in host immunity than to viral load (9). US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidance advises that "hospitalized patients with suspected influenza should receive immediate empiric antiviral treatment…, a negative RIDT or DFA test result does not exclude influenza virus infection…" (10). Moreover, this guidance also recommends that collection of lower respiratory tract specimens may be useful for reverse transcription–PCR testing to improve diagnosis for patients suspected of having severe lower respiratory tract disease caused by pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. The current findings strongly support this recommendation, particularly for severely ill patients.

Acknowledgment
We thank Calvin M. Kunin for critically reviewing the manuscript.

Y.-C.C. was supported by grant DOH99-TD-B-111-001 from the Department of Health, Taiwan.

References
1.World Health Organization. New influenza A (H1N1) virus: global epidemiological situation, June 2009. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2009;84:249–57.
2.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Evaluation of rapid influenza diagnostic tests for detection of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus—United States, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58:826–9.
3.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance on case definitions to be used for investigations of novel influenza A (H1N1) cases [cited 2009 May 31]. http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/casedef.htm
4.World Health Organization. CDC protocol of real-time RT-PCR for swine influenza A (H1N1) [cited 2010 Jan 20]. http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/CDCrealtimeRTPCRprotocol_20090428.pdf
5.Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med. 1985;13:818–29. PubMed DOI
6.Ferreira FL, Bota DP, Bross A, Mélot C, Vincent JL. Serial evaluation of the SOFA score to predict outcome in critically ill patients. JAMA. 2001;286:1754–8. PubMed DOI
7.Cheng PK, Wong KK, Mak GC, Wong AH, Ng AY, Chow SY, et al. Performance of laboratory diagnostics for the detection of influenza A (H1N1) virus as correlated with the time after symptom onset and viral load. J Clin Virol. 2010;47:182–5. PubMed DOI
8.Yeh E, Luo RF, Dyner L, Hong DK, Banaei N, Baron EJ, et al. Preferential lower respiratory tract infection in swine-origin 2009 A (H1N1) influenza. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:391–4. PubMed DOI
9.Meunier I, Pillet S, Simonsen JN, von Messling V. Influenza pathogenesis: lessons learned from animal studies with H5N1, H1N1 Spanish, and pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(Suppl):e21–9. PubMed DOI
10.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim recommendations for clinical use of influenza diagnostic tests during the 2009–10 influenza season [cited 2010 Apr 8]. http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/guidance/diagnostic_tests.htm
Table
Table. Characteristics of 23 hospitalized patients with confirmed (n = 20) and suspected (n = 3) pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Taiwan

Suggested Citation for this Article
Kao T-M, Wu U-I, Chen Y-C. Rapid diagnostic tests and severity of illness in pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Taiwan [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2010 Jul [date cited]. http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/16/7/1181.htm

DOI: 10.3201/eid1607.100105

open here to see the full-text:
Rapid Diagnostic Tests and Severity of Illness in Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Taiwan | CDC EID