viernes, 10 de octubre de 2014

CDC - Prevention Status Reports (PSR) - Motor Vehicle Injuries - STLT Gateway

CDC - Prevention Status Reports (PSR) - Motor Vehicle Injuries - STLT Gateway



Motor Vehicle Injuries

PSR | 2013




The Prevention Status Reports highlight—for all 50 states and the District of Columbia—the status of four key policies that states can use to reduce motor vehicle crash injuries and deaths:
These policies and practices have been recommended by the Community Preventive Services Task Force1–4 and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration5 on the basis of scientific studies supporting their effectiveness in preventing crash-related injuries and deaths.


Policies & Practices

Seat belt law

People who are wearing a seat belt are more likely to survive a motor vehicle crash or suffer less serious injuries than those who are not, and seat belt laws have been proven to increase seat belt use.1,2,5,8,9
Primary enforcement seat belt laws allow police to stop vehicles solely because a driver or passenger is not wearing a seat belt. Secondary enforcement seat belt laws require police to have some other reason for stopping a vehicle before citing a driver or passenger for not buckling up. The most comprehensive policies are primary enforcement seat belt laws that cover all occupants regardless of where they are sitting in the vehicle. Some states have primary laws that cover only the front seat occupants.
The Community Preventive Services Task Force recommends primary enforcement seat belt laws on the basis of strong evidence of their superior effectiveness over secondary laws in reducing motor vehicle-related injuries and deaths.1,2 Rates of seat belt use range from 9 to 14 percentage points higher in primary law states than secondary law states.1,2,5,8,9

Status of state seat belt laws, United States (as of August 1, 2013)


Bar chart showing Status of state seat belt laws, United States (as of August 1, 2013). Green: 18 states had a primary enforcement seat belt law covering all seating positions. Yellow: 16 states had a primary enforcement seat belt law covering only the front seats. Red: 17 states had a secondary enforcement seat belt law or no law. (State count includes the District of Columbia.)
(State count includes the District of Columbia.) 
 

± How the ratings were determined
± More information on this indicator

  

Child passenger restraint law

Appropriate restraints for child passengers reduce children’s risks for death or serious injury in a crash.5,10,11 Child passenger restraint laws require children to travel in appropriate child restraints, such as car seats or booster seats, until adult seat belts fit them properly. Evidence shows that laws mandating use of car seats and booster seats increase their use.3,5,12
The Community Preventive Services Task Force recommends laws mandating the use of car seats and booster seats to increase restraint use and reduce injuries and deaths among child passengers.3The Task Force found that child passenger restraint laws increased car seat use by a median of 13%, decreased deaths by 35%, and decreased injuries and deaths combined by 17%.3

Status of state child passenger restraint laws, United States (as of August 1, 2013)


Bar chart showing Status of state child passenger restraint laws, United States (as of August 1, 2013). Green: 2 states required that all motor vehicle passengers aged 8 years or younger be in a car seat or booster seat. Yellow: 37 states required that all motor vehicle passengers aged 7 years or younger be in a car seat or booster seat. Red: 12 states required that all motor vehicle passengers aged 5 years or younger be in a car seat or booster seat. (State count includes the District of Columbia.)

(State count includes the District of Columbia.)


± How the ratings were determined
± More information on this indicator

  

Graduated driver licensing system

Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for teens in the United States. In 2011, nearly 2,000 drivers aged 15–20 years were killed and 180,000 injured in motor vehicle crashes. Young drivers are at the greatest risk.13
Graduated driver licensing (GDL) systems have been proven effective at keeping teens safer on the road.5,14,15 They help new drivers gain experience under low-risk conditions by granting driving privileges in stages. As teens move through the stages of GDL, they are given additional privileges, such as driving without adult supervision.
Research indicates that more comprehensive GDL systems prevent more crashes and save more lives than less comprehensive GDL systems.5,14,15 On the basis of this evidence, the following five components5,14-16 are recommended for more comprehensive GDL systems:
  1. Minimum age of 16 years for a learner’s permit
  2. Mandatory holding period of at least six months for a learner’s permit
  3. Restrictions against nighttime driving between 10:00 pm and 5:00 am (or longer)
  4. Limit of zero or one for the number of young passengers without adult supervision
  5. Minimum age of 18 years for full licensure

Status of state GDL systems, United States (as of August 1, 2013)


Bar chart showing Status of state GDL systems, United States (as of August 1, 2013). Green: 0 states had a policy that required all five of the GDL components. Yellow: 10 states had a policy that required both nighttime driving and young passenger limits but not all five components. Red: 41 states had a policy that lacked either the nighttime driving or young passenger limits, or both. (State count includes the District of Columbia.)

(State count includes the District of Columbia.)


± How the ratings were determined
± More information on this indicator

  

Ignition interlock law

Since the mid-1990s, alcohol-impaired driving has been involved in nearly one- third of all fatal crashes.17-19 Drivers who have been convicted of driving while intoxicated (DWI) are seven times more likely than drivers without a DWI conviction to be involved in a fatal crash.18 Ignition interlock laws—which mandate the use of ignition interlocks for drivers convicted of DWI—can do much to reduce this risk. An ignition interlock is a device installed in a vehicle that analyzes a driver’s breath and prevents the vehicle from starting if alcohol is detected.
The Community Preventive Services Task Force recommends the use of ignition interlocks for all convicted DWI offenders. The Task Force found that ignition interlocks, while installed, reduced the rate of re-arrest among convicted DWI drivers by a median of 67%.4
(Note: A DWI offender is an individual who has been found by a court of law to be in violation of the jurisdiction’s DWI law. A DWI law makes it illegal to drive with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC)>0.08 g/dL. All 50 states and the District of Columbia have these laws.)

Status of state ignition interlock laws, United States (as of August 1, 2013)


Bar chart showing Status of state ignition interlock laws, United States (as of August 1, 2013). Green: 19 states had a law requiring interlocks for all convicted DWI offenders. Yellow: 22 states had a law requiring interlocks for convicted repeat DWI offenders and first-time offenders with a particularly high BAC. Red: 10 states had no law requiring interlocks for any convicted DWI offenders. (State count includes the District of Columbia.)

(State count includes the District of Columbia.)


± How the ratings were determined
± More information on this indicator

  

Prevention Status Reports: Motor Vehicle Injuries, 2013

The files below are PDFs ranging in size from 100K to 500K. PDF icon
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming


Learn more and get involved



References

  1. Shults RA, Nichols JL, Dinh-Zarr TB, et al. Effectiveness of primary enforcement safety belt laws and enhanced enforcement of safety belt laws: a summary of the Guide to Community Preventive Services systematic reviewsExternal Web Site Icon. Journal of Safety Research 2004; 35(2):189-96.
  2. Shults RA, Elder RW, Sleet DA, et al. Primary enforcement seat belt laws are effective even in the face of rising belt use ratesExternal Web Site Icon. Accident Analysis and Prevention 2004;36(3):491-3.
  3. Zaza S, Sleet DA, Thompson R, et al. Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to increase the use of child safety seats Adobe PDF file [PDF - 2.43MB]External Web Site Icon. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;21(4S):31-47.
  4. Elder RW, Voas R, Beirness D, et al. Effectiveness of ignition interlocks for preventing alcohol-impaired driving and alcohol-related crashes. A Community Guide Systematic Review Adobe PDF file [PDF -584KB]External Web Site Icon. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2011;40(3):362-76.
  5. Goodwin A, Kirley B, Sandt L, et al. Countermeasures That Work: A Highway Safety Countermeasures Guide for State Highway Safety Offices. 7th edition Adobe PDF file [PDF - 7.28MB]External Web Site Icon. (Report No. DOT HS 811 727). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2013.
  6. CDC. WISQARS (Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System) [database]. Accessed Jun 5, 2013.
  7. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts, 2011 Data: Overview Adobe PDF file [PDF - 1MB]External Web Site Icon. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation; 2013.
  8. Beck LF, West BA. Vital signs: nonfatal, motor vehicle–occupant injuries (2009) and seat belt use (2008) among adults—United States. MMWR 2011;59:1681–6.
  9. Shults, RA, Beck, LF. Self-reported seatbelt use, United States, 2002–2010: does prevalence vary by state and type of seatbelt law?External Web Site Icon Journal of Safety Research 2012;43(5–6):417–20.
  10. Durbin DR, Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention. Technical Report—Child Passenger SafetyExternal Web Site Icon. Pediatrics 2011;127(4):e1050–66.
  11. Arbogast KB, Jermakian JS, Kallan MJ, et al. Effectiveness of belt positioning booster seats: an updated assessmentExternal Web Site Icon. Pediatrics 2009;124;1281–6.
  12. Eichelberger AH, Chouinard AO, Jermakian JS. Effects of booster seat laws on injury risk among children in crashesExternal Web Site Icon. Traffic Injury Prevention 2012;13:631–9.
  13. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts, 2011 Data: Young Drivers Adobe PDF file [PDF - 781KB]External Web Site Icon. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation; 2013.
  14. Williams AF, Tefft BC, Grabowski JG. Graduated driver licensing research, 2010–presentExternal Web Site Icon. Journal of Safety Research 2012;43(3):195–203.
  15. Baker SP, Chen LH, Li G. National Evaluation of Graduated Driver Licensing Programs Adobe PDF file [PDF - 1.73MB]External Web Site Icon. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation; 2006.
  16. US Department of Health and Human Services. Injury and violence preventionExternal Web Site Icon. In: Healthy People 2020. Updated Oct 30, 2012.
  17. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts, 2010 Data: State Alcohol-Impaired Driving Estimates Adobe PDF file [PDF - 997KB]External Web Site Icon. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation; 2012.
  18. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts, 2011 Data: Alcohol-Impaired Driving Adobe PDF file [PDF - 821KB]External Web Site Icon. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation; 2012.
  19. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts 2011: FARS/GES Annual Report Adobe PDF file [PDF - 3.24MB]External Web Site Icon. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation; 2013.

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