Extensive Mammalian Ancestry of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus

DOI: 10.3201/eid1602.091141
Suggested citation for this article: Ilyushina NA, Kim J-K, Negovetich NJ, Choi Y-K, Lang V, Bovin NV, et al. Extensive mammalian ancestry of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Feb; [Epub ahead of print]

Extensive Mammalian Ancestry of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus
Natalia A. Ilyushina,1 Jeong-Ki Kim,1 Nicholas J. Negovetich,1 Young-Ki Choi,1 Victoria Lang, Nicolai V. Bovin, Heather L. Forrest, Min-Suk Song, Philippe Noriel Q. Pascua, Chul-Joong Kim, Robert G. Webster, and Richard J. Webby

Author affiliations: St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA (N.A. Ilyushina, J.-K. Kim, N.J. Negovetich, V. Lang, H.L. Forrest, R.G. Webster, R.J. Webby); D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Moscow, Russia (N.A. Ilyushina); Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (Y.-K. Kim); Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea (Y.-K. Choi, M-S Song, P.N.Q. Pascua); Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow (N.V. Bovin); Chungnam National University College of Veterinary Medicine, Daejeon (C.-J. Kim); and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (R.G. Webster, R.J. Webby)
1These authors contributed equally to this article.

We demonstrate that the novel pandemic influenza (H1N1) viruses have human virus–like receptor specificity and can no longer replicate in aquatic waterfowl, their historic natural reservoir. The biological properties of these viruses are consistent with those of their phylogenetic progenitors, indicating longstanding adaptation to mammals.

In 2009, a new H1N1 influenza virus (pandemic [H1N1] 2009) emerged in Mexico, spread to the United States (1), and subsequently caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century (2). The emergence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus is imperfectly understood, but an early switch in hemagglutinin (HA) receptor specificity is essential to allow interspecies transmission (3–5).

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